What is an initialization parameter file?

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What is an initialization parameter file?

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An initialization parameter file contains initialization parameters with their values, which are used to start an Oracle instance and database. An Oracle database may contain two types of initialization parameter files:

  • Text initialization parameter file (init.ora): Being a text file, a text initialization parameter file can be edited manually to include or exclude parameters and change their values. When a text initialization parameter file associated to a database is edited, changes come into effect only after the database is re-started.


  • Server parameter file (spfile.ora): A server parameter file is a binary file that is created using a text initialization parameter file. Being a binary file, a server parameter file cannot be edited manually. It can be edited using the ALTER SYSTEM statement. When a server parameter file associated to a database is edited to alter a dynamic parameter, the database need not be re-started. However, if the server parameter file is edited to alter a static parameter, the database must be re-started for changes to come into effect.


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