Flash tools are arranged in a panel and are used for creating different types of graphics in Flash. The names of the tools, along with their respective icons, are given in the table below:

Tool	Icon
Select arrow
Subselection
Free Transform
Line
Lasso
Pen
Text
Oval
Brush
Pencil
Ink Bottle
Paint Bucket
Eyedropper
Eraser
Hand
Zoom
Stroke Color
Fill Color

The MovieClip class is used to add the concept of frames, frame labels, and scenes in ActionScript, with all the properties and methods required to query and control the playhead. A user can create MovieClip objects programmatically, but frames, labels, or scenes cannot be added with ActionScript code.

The getRollbackOnly() method of the EJBContext interface is used to test if the current transaction has been marked for rollback or not. An enterprise bean with container-managed transaction demarcation can use this method. A transaction can be marked for rollback by the enterprise bean itself, by other enterprise beans, or by other components of the transaction processing infrastructure.

It is necessary that the container handle the EJBContext.getRollbackOnly() method if it is invoked from a business method executing with the REQUIRED, REQUIRES_NEW, or MANDATORY transaction attribute. The java.lang.IllegalStateException is thrown if the EJBContext.getRollbackOnly() method is invoked from a business method executing with the SUPPORTS, NOT_SUPPORTED, or NEVER transaction attribute.

Non-equijoins are used to return the result from two or more tables where exact join is not possible.

Example:

There are two tables: EMP and SALGRADE. The SALGRADE table contains the grade of employees. It also contains the minimum and maximum salaries for all grades. Suppose there arises a need to find the grade of employees based on their salaries, then a NON EQUI join can be used as follows:

SELECT E.EMPNO, E.ENAME, E.SAL, S.GRADE
FROM EMP E, SALGRADE S
WHERE E.SAL BETWEEN S.LOWSAL AND S.HISAL;

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A function can be schema bound only if the following conditions are true:

• The function is a Transact-SQL function.
• The user-defined functions and the views it references are also schema-bound.
• The objects that the function references are referenced using a two-part name.
• The function and the objects it references belong to the same database.
• The user who executed the CREATE FUNCTION statement has REFERENCES permission on the database objects that the function references.
• SCHEMABINDING cannot be specified for functions that reference alias data types or CLR functions.

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An explicit transaction is one in which a user explicitly defines the beginning and end of the transaction. They are typically defined within the stored procedures. Explicit transactions begin with the BEGIN TRANSACTION statement and end with the COMMIT TRANSACTION or the ROLLBACK TRANSACTION statement. Once a transaction is committed, SQL Server ensures that the data is written to the database even in case of server failure.

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LDAP is a protocol that helps us to access the database on different types of platforms. To implement LDAP on a Linux server, you need to download OpenLDAP Software. It is open source software. OpenLDAP Software comprises mainly two basic daemons:

• slapd (Stand-alone LDAP daemon)
• OpenLDAP server configuration file is called slapd.conf.
• It provides authentication services through SASL (Simple Authentication and Security Layer).
• It uses TLS (Transport Layer Security) for privacy concerns.
• It allows or restricts access to the server by using TCP wrappers.
• One of the most important functions of slapd is to provide a reliable access control facility.
• slurpd (stand-alone LDAP update replication daemon)
• This is used to replicate the database of LDAP directory.
• The master slapd server updates the slave server by using slurpd.
• It helps the master slapd server in distributing the load among the slave servers.

To unpack the downloaded gzipped package, you have to copy the package to a desirable directory such as /usr/local

Requirements before installation: Before installing OpenLDAP software, the LDAP server requires some additional packages:

• OpenSSL TLS libraries: Transport Layer Security (TLS) and its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), are cryptographic protocols that provide security over the network. These are used to encrypt the segments of a network connection.
• Kerberos Authentication Services: It is a distributed authentication service.
• Database software like Berkeley DB: It stores the database using Oracle Berkeley DB package.
• TCP Wrappers: These are used in the servers having non public information.

Installation: You can install OpenLDAP in either of the two ways.

• Use apt-get/dpkg to install the binary package.



• Install OpenLDAP from sources and unpack the tar gzipped package to a desirable directory.

  

Run the following commands to build the server.

Overview of LDAP Backends:

1. BDB (Berkeley Database Backend): The BDB backend is used with a normal slapd database. It stores data with the help of Oracle Berkeley DB package.
2. LDAP: The LDAP backend is not a real database; it only forwards the incoming requests to another LDAP server.
3. LDIF (LDAP Data Interchange Format): LDIF is a text-based format for representing the LDAP contents.
4. Metadirectory: The Meta backend is similar to the LDAP backend. It acts as a proxy to forward requests to a set of remote LDAP servers called target.
5. Monitor: The running status of daemon is dynamically maintained by this backend.
6. Null: Null backend searches return success, and updates them. The slapadd and slapcat tools are also very useful.
7. Passwd: The Passwd backend lists the information stored in a system passwd file.
8. Perl/Shell: This backend can be used after installing the Perl module. Perl scripts are used for interacting with the LDAP directories.
9. SQL: The SQL backend is used with RDBMS (Relational Database Management System).

Developing LDAP Applications with Perl: perl-ldap provides an easy access to data contained in LDAP directories. You can write basic Perl scripts to interact with an LDAP directory. You need to download the following two packages:

1. Convert-BER-1.31.tar.gz
2. perl-ldap-0.15.tar.gz

You can unpack and install the Convert-BER-1.31.tar.gz package using the following commands.

Use the following commands to unpack and install perl-ldap-0.15.tar.gz.

Now you are able to write basic Perl scripts to interact with an LDAP directory. You can use the following statement to invoke perl-ldap:

After invoking, you have to open a new LDAP connection. Below is an example of how to connect to a computer with the hostname ldapserver.ucertify.com:

By default, LDAP uses port 389. If you want to use a different port, you need to mention it:

You can also set the timeout parameter:

Binding to the Server: After creating a connection to an LDAP server, you need to bind to it:

To close a connection, you must unbind from it:

Adding Entries to the Database: You can add LDAP entries to the directory:

Searching the directory: The ->search function is used to search the LDAP directory:

It searches the entire LDAP tree. You can confine your search only to the ou=People branch using the following command:

Modifying the directory: There are three types of modifications that can be performed in an LDAP directory:

• add
• delete
• replace

Summary: perl-ldap is a convenient tool for accessing LDAP servers with Perl scripts. Now a days, LDAP is emerging as a global directory providing service to a much broader context.

The purpose of using ; at the end of the find command is that when find is used with -exec and -ok the find command uses ; as the delimiting character. Unfortunately ; is also a delimiting character for the bash shell so we must prevent bash from interpreting it. When a character is preceded with a backslash (), bash instructs it literally, so typing ; at the bash command prompt will send ; to find command after bash has done its interpretation.

Redirection means diverting data from their normal destination to another. Whenever a program is executed on terminal some output is displayed at the shell prompt. In case a user does not want that output to appear in the shell window, the user can redirect it elsewhere. The user can redirect the output into a file, printer, etc.

Not only the output of programs is redirected, but also input of a program and error messages are redirected to a file.

Common Redirection operators are as follows:

When more than one client tries to transmit data on the same channel at the same time, a collision occurs in the network. This is called the hidden node issue. This issue occurs if a client is visible from the wireless access point but not visible from other clients that are communicating with that wireless access point. The hidden node issue can be observed easily in widespread (>50m radius) WLAN setups with many clients that use directional antennas and have high upload speed. Methods of mitigating this issue include reducing the maximum frame size, forcing RTS/CTS (Request to Send / Clear to Send) frames, and reducing transmit power of the access point and shrinking the cell.