Archive for the ‘CIW Certified Security Analyst’ category

What is OSPF?

November 1st, 2009

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a routing protocol that is used in large networks. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) designates OSPF as one of the Interior Gateway Protocols. A host uses OSPF to obtain a change in the routing table and to immediately multicast updated information to all the other hosts in the network.

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Secure Internetwork Communication By Using Packet Filtering

October 29th, 2009

The Windows Server 2003 operating system is designed to work on a network. It receives traffic from other computers over the network. Based on the request made, it takes a decision to route packets to use its services, and processes the request sent by the client. Any computer, when accessible for communication, is also a security risk, if it is accessible from the Internet too. A server accessible from the Internet is open to all clients that can connect to it. An unauthorized user can attempt to access the system for many destructive purposes. The most common of them are listed below:

  • Accessing confidential data.
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What is AutoFill?

September 29th, 2009

The AutoFill feature of a browser automatically fills the text in the text box as the user types. It does not suggest any options as done by the AutoComplete feature. The AutoFill feature can be set by the user of the browser and not by the author of the Web site.

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What is 4NF?

September 25th, 2009

The fourth normal form states that the database must be in BCNF and all the multivalued dependencies in the table are also functional dependencies whose determinant is a candidate key. Symbolically, if A -> > B|C, then A -> B and A -> C. Here, A, B, and C are attributes.

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What is 1NF (Normal Form)?

September 24th, 2009

The 1NF is a normalization form in which each column in a row contains a single value, i.e., each attribute of the entity is single valued. Single valued attributes are also known as atomic attributes, as they cannot be decomposed into smaller units. There are mainly three kinds of attributes that prevent a table from being in the first normal form. They are as follows:

  • Composite attributes
  • Plural attributes (attributes that have more than one value)
  • Attributes with complex data types

The table below is in 1 NF, as all the columns in each row contain a single value.

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What is Network Load Balancing?

September 16th, 2009

Network Load Balancing is a Windows Server 2003 clustering technology. It runs as a driver in Microsoft Windows and distributes incoming requests across each node included in the cluster. Its primary purpose is to load-balance by distributing TCP/IP traffic among the server nodes in a cluster. For load balancing-aware applications, such as Exchange Server 2003, when one of the nodes fails or becomes offline, the load is automatically distributed to other nodes in the cluster. A cluster using Network Load Balancing can have 2 to 32 nodes. Administrators can configure it through the Network Load Balancing Manager, which is located in the Administrative Tools program menu.

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What is IP masquerading?

September 7th, 2009

IP masquerading is a form of network address translation that is generally employed by firewalls and routers. Through this method, a Linux computer with a valid IP address can act as a gateway for other computers in the LAN, which do not have a valid IP address. The computers without a valid IP address can then access the Internet through this gateway. The computers on the LAN, having no valid IP address can use their private addresses to connect to the configured gateway. When the gateway receives a packet from such a computer, it assigns it a new source port number and inserts its own IP address into the header of the packet. This packet is then sent to the Internet as if it came from the gateway. When the gateway receives an incoming packet, it searches if the port number is one of those that it assigned previously to such a computer. If a match occurs, the gateway retrieves the original port number and private IP address of the corresponding computer and inserts them into the packet header. This packet is then sent to the destined computer.

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What is FINGER command?

September 7th, 2009

The FINGER command is used in Unix systems. Basically, this command is used to find out whether or not a user is logged on to a specific computer. Depending upon the version of Unix being used, more detailed information about a user can also be obtained through this command. This command can also be used for reading the contents of a user’s .plan and .project files (if these exist with appropriate permissions).

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What is inline scripting?

September 6th, 2009

Inline scripting is a method of scripting in which the script is embedded within the HTML tags of a Web page. It provides control to a Web page when events, such as button click, text entry, form submission etc., occur. Inline scripting is also used to provide information to a Web page from the Web server.

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What is Diffie-Hellman encryption?

August 28th, 2009

The Diffie-Hellman encryption was developed by Diffie and Hellman in 1976 and published in the paper named “New Directions in Cryptography.” It is a key agreement protocol (also called exponential key agreement) that allows two users to exchange a secret key over an insecure medium (such as the Internet) without any prior secrets. The original protocol had two system parameters, p and g. They are both public and may be used by all the users in a system. The Diffie-Hellman key exchange was vulnerable to a man-in-the-middle attack, as Diffie-Hellman key exchange does not authenticate the participants.

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