How is an Oracle database shut down?

How is an Oracle database shut down?

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The SHUTDOWN command is used to shut down an Oracle database. Only a database administrator can shut down an Oracle database. An Oracle database is shut down in three stages. First, the database is closed. Then, the database is unmounted. Finally, the associated Oracle instance is shut down.

When an Oracle database is closed, Oracle writes all data in the database buffer cache and redo log buffer to data files and online redo log files respectively. Then, Oracle closes all data files and online redo log files.

After the database is closed, Oracle unmounts the database to disassociate it from the Oracle instance. After unmounting the database, Oracle closes the database's control file.

Finally, Oracle shuts down the instance, removing the System Global Area (SGA) from the memory and terminating the background processes.

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