CIW 1D0-435 Short Notes: Exam passing tips

CIW 1D0-435 Short Notes: Exam passing tips

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Introduction to JavaScript

• VBScript is another scripting language that uses Visual Basic code for writing scripts.


• ECMA approved JavaScript as an international standard in 1997.


• The Microsoft version of JavaScript is known as JScript.


• JavaScript is the first scripting language used for a browser.


• The old name of JavaScript is LiveScript.


• CGI was used to validate forms when JavaScript was not developed.


• JavaScript is the default scripting language of Netscape Navigator.


• If the language attribute is not defined, Netscape Navigator uses JavaScript as the default scripting language.


• Netscape develops the JavaScript language.


• A property is an attribute of an object used to change the style of the object.


• Every property has a value that changes the style of an object.


• JavaScript is interpreted at runtime. The script is not compiled.


• The comment tag is used to hide the script from the non-scriptable browsers.


• The <script>...<script> tag is used to insert scripts in a Web page.


• An HTML document can contain any number of <script>...<script> tag


• A variable declared inside the <script>...<script> tag but outside any function is known as global variable and can be accessed from any function within the <script tag>.


• The increment (++) operator is used to increment the value of a variable by one.


• Instantiation is a process of creating copies of different objects.


• The *= operator is used to multiply the value of left hand side variable with the right hand side variable and store the product in the left hand side variable.


• Concatenation is a process of combining two or more strings and converting them into a single string.


• The != operator is used to check the inequality for a given comparison.


• The add by value operator(+=) is used to add the value of a left hand side variable with the right hand side variable. The sum is stored in the left hand side variable.


• The comparison operators are used to compare the values of two or more variables.


• The logical "and" is used to compare two or more statements. If all the statements are true, the statement within the if block is executed; otherwise, the statement following the if block is executed.


• The || operator does not execute if the two given conditions are false.


• The equal to (=) operator is used to assign a value to a variable.


• Comparison operators are used to compare two or more expressions.


• The modulo operator is used to find out the remainder after a division has been completed.


• The comparison operators return boolean values.


• The typeof operator is used to retrieve the type of data assigned to a variable.


• The delete operator removes the elements from an array.


• The operator precedence decides which operator should be used first in a complex statement.


• The operator precedence is an arrangement of operators in JavaScript. It decides the priority of the operators in a complex statement.


• The not equal to operator is a comparison operator. The sign for this operator is !=. This operator is used to test the inequality of two operands and the result value is boolean.


• The external script file is saved by using the .js extension.


• The /*...*/ is used to give multiline comments in a script.


• Inline scripting is used to write a script in a file and save it with the .js extension. The file can be accessed in an HTML document by using the src attribute of the <script> tag.


• Function can be created by using the function keyword followed by a function and parenthesis.


• The function block starts with the function keyword.


• A constructor can be created by using the new operator. There is no such keyword as constructor.


• JavaScript keywords are case-sensitive.


• There is no such keyword as method in JavaScript. JavaScript objects include methods that are used to perform an action on the objects.

• A function created by a user is known as user-defined function.


• Arguments are passed within the parenthesis of a function. The function can return values to the calling function through the arguments.


• Events are used to trigger a function or method invoked on an object.


• The functions are invoked on an object by the event handlers associated with the object.


• The onload event cannot be fired by using a mouse.


• In JavaScript, functions and methods can be used interchangeably.


• The parseFloat() method is used to convert a number in string to a floating-point decimal equivalent.


• The parseInt() and parseFloat() functions are used to convert a number in string format to a numeric format.


• The isNaN() method is used to test whether or not an entry is a number. The value returned by this method is boolean. The isNaN() method returns true if the value is not a number.


• The escape function used to convert the ASCII value of a non-alphanumeric character to its equivalent hexadecimal value preceded by a percent sign.

• The prompt dialog box is used to take input from a user and gives results as per the given code.


• The if statements returns a boolean value.


• The else statement cannot be used without the if statement.


• The conditional or ternary operator is used in the same way as the if statement.


• The while loop checks the condition before the loop starts. The do-while loop runs at least once before checking the condition.


• The for loop is used to execute a single statement several times.


• The break statement is used to terminate a loop in the middle.


• The continue keyword is used to continue a loop for a given condition.


• The switch...case statement is used to compare the values and produce the result if a condition is true.


• The with statement is used to reduce the length of the object references.

• The dot notation is used to associate a property or a method with an object.


• The built-in properties and methods of an object are accessed by a dot.


• The hierarchy for accessing a form element is as follows:
  
  window.document.form.formelement


• The object name must start with an alphabet or an underscore. The name should not contain spaces.


• The location object is a subordinate of the window object.


• The top keyword is used to access all the frames in a frameset.


• The opener property of the window object is used to access a child window from a parent window.


• The alert, prompt, and confirm dialog boxes belong to the window object.


• A frame can access the properties and functions of second frame through the parent object.


• The prompt dialog box can be used to take input from a user.


• Different components of a browser window can be displayed or hidden by using the window.open() method.


• The confirm dialog box contains the OK and Cancel button.


• The onload event handler is used with the <body>tag.


• The closed property of the window object is used to check whether or not a child window is closed.


• The event handlers of the window object are used in the <body>tag.


• A window can be closed by using the following expressions:
  
  • window.close()
  • self.close()
  
  
  • close()


• The full reference of the document.write() method is window.document.write.


• To write a text dynamically from a frame to another frame, following syntaxes are used:
  
  • top.frame2.document.write()
  
  
  • parent.frame2.document.write()


• A window object has only one document object.


• If there are two frames in a window named frame1 and frame2, frame1 can access frame2 by using the following code:
  
  • parent.frames[1].document.title
  
  
  • parent.frames["frame2"].document.title


• The name property of the frame object is used to retrieve the name of a frame in a code.


• The onerror property belongs to the window object. It is used to close the error dialog box when a document is being loaded.


• The following code is used to close an error window:
  
  window.onerror=null


• The prompt function is used to take input from a user.


• The onblur event is fired when the object on which it is invoked loses the focus.


• The setInterval() method is used to run a set of statements at regular interval.


• The setTimeout() method is used to fix a time in the future for the execution of a function or expression.


• The URL of a document in a frame can be retrieved by using the following code:
  parent.frames[0].location
  parent.frame1.location


• When the window.home property is used, a page is displayed whose URL is mentioned in the browser preferences.


• The window.open method can be used without its arguments.


• The defaultStatus property is used to put a default text at the statusbar of a browser window.


• The close() method belongs to the window object. This method is used to close a window when an event is fired.


• The focus() method is used to activate a window. A window gains the focus when the focus() method is invoked on it.


• The window.open method is used to open a new window from an existing window.


• The syntax of using the open method is as follows:
  window.open("URL", "windowname", "windowfeatures")


• The confirm method belongs to the window object. It is used to present a message in a modal dialog box along with the OK and Cancel buttons.


• A text can be made colorful by using the fgColor property of the document object.


• The cookie property of the document object is used to store small pieces of text on client computers.


• The anchors property belongs to the document object.


• The following code is used to change the color of an active link in a window:
  
  document.alinkColor="#AABBCC"


• The window.open method creates a window object and loads a document, while the document.open method uses the document.write method to insert a content.


• The window.open method opens a new window and loads the document, while the document.open method inserts the content in the same window.


• A link object can be accessed by using the following syntaxes:
  
  • document.linkname
  
  
  • document.links[linkindex]


• The form and the links object are the subordinate of the document object.


• JavaScript contains some objects as arrays such as forms, links, anchors, etc.


• The <a> tag is used to create link objects.


• The anchor object is created by using the<a> tag.


• The document object is created by using the <body>tag.


• When the secure attribute of the cookie object is set, the cookies can be transmitted only through the https protocol
.

• The lastModified property is used to get the date when the page was previously modified.


• The fgColor property and the fontcolor property are used to change the color of a text in a document. The fgColor property changes the color of all the text in a document whereas the fontcolor property can be used to change the color of a small portion of text.


• The alinkColor property belongs to the document object. This property is used to change the color of an active link in the document.


• An animated button can be created by the Image object.


• The hash property can be used to access a particular topic in a document.


• Protocol is the first component of a URL.


• The location object stores the URL of the current page.


• The hostname and port of a URL can be retrieved by using the host property of the location object.


• The href property is used to retrieve the entire URL of a page.


• The history object list the URLs of the pages visited by a user.


• The pathname property belongs to the location object. It refers to the directory structure relative to the server's root directory. The directory names are separated by a single slash (/) within the root.


• The hash property is used to direct a browser to a particular place in a document. This particular place is called anchor.


• The navigator object is used to know the name and version of a browser.


• The name of a browser can be used by using the appName property of the Navigator object.


• The userAgent property returns the name, version, and platform of the client's browser.

• String, Math, Array, and Date are language objects.


• The lastindexof() method is used to start the search of a string from the last characters in the given string.


• The string object is a global object that is used to modify strings.


• The indexOf() method is used to search a string from the beginning of a given string and generates the index value for that string.


• The indexOf() method is used to search a string from the beginning in a given string.


• The " " is used to insert a new line within a string.


• The sentence can behave as a string object if a property or a method of a string object is invoked on that sentence.


• The bold method is used to format a string to bold.


• The toUppercase() function changes the whole string to uppercase.


• The write() method can be used to create a Web page dynamically.


• The charAt() method is used to retrieve a character in a string by specifying the index as an argument.


• The \ character is used to display special inline characters, which cannot be displayed directly in a browser.


• The fixed method of the string object is used to display a text as a typewriter text.


• The output of the sub method is same as the output of the _... tag.


• The sup() function is used to write algebraic expressions.


• The substring() method is used to cut a small portion of a string from a given long string.


• The length property is used to retrieve the length of a string.


• The fontcolor method is used to change the color of text in a string.


• A number formatted as string behaves as an string. Addition of such numbers is not possible. The numbers are concatenated in this case.


• The following statements assigns a string to a variable:
  var str="This is a string."
  var str=new String("This is a string.")


• If a search string is not found by using the indexOf() method, the method returns the value -1.


• The indexOf() and lastIndexOf() methods return -1 if no match is found. The indexOf method starts searching from the beginning, while the lastIndexOf method starts searching from the end.


• The ASCII code of a character is retrieved by using the charCodeAt() method.


• The backslash (\) character can be used to display inline characters.


• The charAt() method is used to extract a single character from a string. The position of the first character in a string is zero.


• The match() method of the String object is used to search a string on the basis of regular expression. The parameter passed in the parentheses should be a regular expression. If a match is found, it returns the search string, otherwise it returns null.


• The slice(), substr(), and substring() methods can be used to extract a portion of a string.


• An array is declared in the following two ways:
  var arr1=new Array(1,2,3,4,5)
  var arr=new Array(5)


• The arrays in JavaScript can contain any kind of values including null. If an array element contains a null value, it is also counted by the length property


• The elements of two or more arrays can be joined by using the concat method.


• The join() method is used to separate the elements in an array by a delimiter.


• The sort method arranges the elements of an array in ascending order.


• The push method is used to insert elements in an existing array.


• The pop() function is used to delete an element from an array.


• The reverse method of the Array object is used to display the elements of an array in descending order.


• The push method belongs to the Array object. This method is used to insert elements of the array at the end. A user can insert as many elements in the array as needed.


• The join method belongs to the Array object. It is used to separate the elements in an array by a delimiter that is passed as an argument in its parentheses.


• The status property can be used to display a text at the statusbar of a browser window.


• The current date is displayed by using the Date object.


• The time is set to milliseconds by using the setTime() method.


• The cosine of a number is retrieved by using the Math.cos() method.


• The Math.ceil function is used to return the smallest integer that is greater than or equal to the value provided in the method's argument.


• The Math.floor function returns the largest integer that is smaller than or equal to the value provided in the method's argument.


• The Math.sqrt function returns the square root of a number provided in the method's argument.


• The Math.max value displays the largest value during the comparison operation.


• The Math.max value displays the smallest value during the comparison operation.

• The elements property of the form object is used to access all the elements in a form.


• There are three ways of accessing forms in an HTML document.


• The onclick event handler is the main event handler used with a button object to invoke functions.


• The encoding property of the form object is used retrieve MINE information of a form.


• The target property of a form is used to target an output in another frame in a multiframe window.


• The length property is used to count the number of elements in an array.


• The target property belongs to the form object. This property is used when the response from a server is to be sent to a particular window or frame. The target property works in the same way as the target attribute of the <form> tag.


• The button attribute of the <input> tag is used to create a button on a browser.


• The submit button is used to send a form data to the URL of the server. The URL is defined in the action attribute of the <form> tag.


• The onclick event handler is most frequently used with a button object.


• The form data can be sent to a Web server by the submit button.


• Java provides the facility to create user-defined classes, objects, constructors, and methods. A user can create his package of classes and can reuse them. A user-defined class can also inherit the constructors and methods of different classes that are in-built in the Java language.


• The checkbox object allows a user to select several items given on a Web page.


• A checkbox object is one that can be used to select multiple items from the given options.


• The checked property belongs to the checkbox and radio button object. This property refers to the checked attribute of the <input> tag. It can be used to check or uncheck a checkbox or a radio button.


• The text element of the <input> tag is used to create a single line text field.


• The onblur event handler is fired when an object loses the focus.


• The password field allows the users to type their passwords as asterisks.


• The select() method belongs to text, textarea, and password objects. This method is used to select all the text present on these objects.


• A radio button object allows to select only one item from the given options.


• The event handlers used with the select object are onblur, onfocus, and onchange.


• The selectIndex property of the select object is used to select an object in the list according to the index of the element.


• The length property of the select object is used to determine the number of elements in the select object.

• Signed script policy is a policy in which testing is required to check the identity of a user sending requests from a Web browser.


• The domain name of a cookie should match with the domain name of the host so that the cookie can be transferred successfully.


• The name-value pair is mandatory for creating a cookie object.


• A cookie is an object used to create and store cookies.


• The name-value pair is mandatory for creating a cookie. A cookie is used to store small pieces of information on client computers.


• The path-path pair is used to track the path of a cookie.


• In Internet Explorer, the cookies are saved in the cookie folder as different cookie files.


• A cookie is deleted manually by changing its current expiry date to an earlier date.


• Cookies can be deleted by setting an expiry date for them.


• A cookie is deleted after the end of a user's session if the expiry date for that cookie is not set.


• Time in GMT string is a format used to set the expiry date for a cookie.

• A frame can be accessed by another frame through the frame's name or the frame's index.


• The parent.frames[1] will target the second frame in a multiframe window.


• A user can define any number of methods for a given object.

• The constructor is a parameterized function. It is used to create a custom object.


• A simple custom object contains only one level of properties and methods.

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